Essay about Rising Above My Disability - 705 Words

I, who thrive on responsibility and friendship, have the makings of an outstanding physician. A near straight-A student, I held several paid research internships and led a team to first place in a nationwide design contest. This semester, I won an unprecedented three national awards. nbsp; But my teachers and mates may be surprised to find that my greatest achievements come from outside the classroom. Four years ago, I lay in a hospital bed, with grave head injuries. A high school freshman, I was the lone casualty of a one-car accident. To this day, I do not know what happened, other than the fact that my head slammed through the drivers side window. For all I know, I may have swerved to avoid a deer. nbsp;†¦show more content†¦nbsp; I arrived at school ready to leave my accident behind. But that was not possible. Loathe admitting it, my injuries had left me with a learning disability. I had memory problems, read slowly, and often forgot the point of a sentence before reaching its conclusion. nbsp; One of my teachers, suggested I speak with Dean Robert Shaw, who assists students with learning disabilities. Shaw arranged for me to have extra time on exams and to use a crib sheet when acceptable to teachers. The accommodations relieved much of the pressure I had put on myself to overcome my injuries quickly. nbsp; Coming to terms with having a learning disability has simply taken a great deal of time and support from my incredibly devoted family, and from my teachers.nbsp; I am continually thankful to Mr. Geis for pointing me the way. I feel very strongly that students with learning disabilities should not - as I first did - try to deny it, but rather to get the academic support they need so that they can start dealing with the emotional issues that accompany such situations. nbsp; Each passing semester brought me closer to terms with my disability. Although it took me several months to realize the severity of my accident, once I did this I decided to get all I could out of my own life, and also to give back to people I thought Id alwaysShow MoreRelatedThe Pros And Treatments Of Autism1324 Words   |  6 PagesPrimary Research: Autism Spectrum Disorder has a wide variety of treatment choices. There is not a single treatment that will cure ASD, but there are many therapies that can be used to help the symptoms of ASD. Above are multiple different therapies that experts have conducted research on. Interviews of educators in the field of special education and surveys answered by the general public were conducted to gather information regarding ASD knowledge and therapies. Educators informed about evenRead MoreDown Syndrome Case Study1093 Words   |  5 Pagesfor example, around 50% of individuals with DS have the risk of experiencing congenital heart defects (Dixon, 2008). DS can be screened through first and second-trimester screening, also combined with ultrasound markers, if the estimated risk is above the normal range, prenatal diagnostic tests are considered (de Jong et al., 2010). Chorionic villi sampling or amniocentesis are provided to determine the risk of DS in utero, which can identify around 85% of foetal DS (Jong, Maya Lith, 2015). HoweverRead MoreMexican Immigrants Self Management And Diabetic Control1200 Words   |  5 Pageslack in health insurance (Schneiderman et al., 2014). Above all this problem needs to be addressed because diabetes can cause severe complication within many parts of body, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] (2015). This topic is important to me because I come from a Mexican family, and have a high incidence of diabetes that runs in my family. 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Medicare is a type of insurance for the people of age 65 or older and also for the people with permanent disabilities and diseases. This program was established in 1965 under Title 18f the Social Security Act and was made available to all eligible people as a health insurance regardless of theirRead MoreA Non For Profit Health Care Organization Essay971 Words   |  4 Pagescurrently located in a safe neighborhood with an above average safety evaluation for crime statistics. It has a total of 112 beds divided up in Medicare and Medicaid beds and collects payments through both. There are numerous hospitals that surrounding this home. In my opinion, Edward Hospital ratings for Medicare are second to none. Furthermore, this nursing facility suppling medical services to the elderly, which have complex illnesses and disabilities 24 hours a day, administrated by the LPN, CNA’s

The United States The Independent Minds Of Its People

It would be a falsity to claim that the United States was ruled primarily through the independent minds of its people. Rather, we can see the absolute appropriation of authority split between two parties; those ruled by the tiresome elephants or those who follow the jackasses. This system of division has been heavily disfavored by our Founding Fathers, especially by John Adams who had stated in his letter to Jonathan Jackson that, â€Å"There is nothing which I dread so much as a division of the republic into two great parties†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Adams, John). The evidence for this issue in todays culture is everywhere; from legislative wars between the executive and legislative branches, strong discourse among the people, and of course those campaigning against one another based on how they interpret marriage. This undeniable rise of partisan antipathy can be seen in Carroll Doherty’s article 7 things to know about polarization in America where recent PEW studies showcase that st rong resentment within the Democratic and Republican parties towards each other has just about doubled within the last two decades alone (Doherty, Carroll). A situation that has caused much strife as it slows down the march of progress and implementation of proper legislation due to the lack of compromise this particular way of thinking promotes. Uprooting this tired system will require a solid understanding of its early development, an examination of its advantages and disadvantages in modern politics, and theShow MoreRelatedForeign Policy : The United States Economy And Social Problems1110 Words   |  5 PagesBremmer’s preferable approach, the Independent America approach, focuses on America’s errors with an imperialistic style of foreign policy. 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Quality Plan Analysis And Cultural Assumption In Healthcare

Questions: 1. Some healthcare organizations post their quality plan on the Web. Search the Internet/Website for the quality plan for your local healthcare facility. Summarize the facility plan. Review and discuss plans introduced by your group members. 2. Consider the cultural assumptions and beliefs underlying a perfectionist mentality: perfection is always expected; mistakes arent allowed. This assumption can create an environment inhospitable to quality improvement. Are cultural assumptions addressed in the plan that you reviewed? What changes would you make to the plan regarding cultural perceptions? Why? Answers: 1. Quality is one of the most important aspects that the healthcare facilities should focus on. It is extremely important to provide quality healthcare service as this will ensure better health of the service users and will naturally develop the reputation of the healthcare organisation. Building an effective quality facility plan that prioritise the quality objectives will help the organisations to build the trust among the consumers as this will enable them to be consistent with the service quality and hence will develop the trust of the service users. The quality plan helps to develop quality objectives that add to the overall quality of service provided at the healthcare facilities. In the recent past there have been number of discussions on what should a quality service plan should be and what scholars felt was to introduce effective service provision and the attainment of best degree of quality served (Grol et al., 2013 p, 56). Healthcare facility is a key concept that most of the healthcare organisations will have to focus on. Healthcare facility plans are effective in developing the vision and mission of the healthcare organisation as it helps them to act effectively as per the laid out quality plan. There are number of healthcare companies all around the world which have focused on developing an effective quality plan which has helped them to work on the overall quality of the service provided to the care seekers (Scott et al., 2003 p, 78). One such organisation is Saddleback Memorial Medical Centre which has focused on planning an effective quality plan that has helped them to work effectively towards the provision of better healthcare facilities for the care seekers. Saddleback Memorial Medical Centre is based out South Orange County in California and is counted as one of the leading healthcare facility in that region for its effective high quality health service. The company has an effective quality plan that it intends to achieve step by step. Quality management is the science of process management and the organisation understands it well. The company has a mission that focuses on providing the best quality care to individuals and the vision works accordingly that focuses on having excellent people that helps them to provide extraordinary care every time. It is important to mention that effective quality plan includes value creation for the service users and this is done through accountability, fair practice and empathy and vibration within the organisation (Poksinska, 2010 p, 67). The organisation Saddleback has implemented these aspects effectively within their process of providing care so that value could be created for the service users. Qu ality depends on the management of healthcare process and not the doctors and nurses and hence the company has managed the quality of its health system which has helped them to provide customized care for the service users and this has also created value. The healthcare system of the organisation collaborates with different other healthcare organisations which has provided better facilities to the service users. Some of the movements by the company have been very effective for instance the company is one of the very few hospitals that provide minimal invasive heart surgeries that are an important breakthrough for the company in terms of providing quality care (Spath, 2009 p, 12). Saddleback Memorial also contributes to a large extent for the development of the community and collaborates with different organisations all across the place in South Orange County in order to provide the best quality service to the consumers. One of the major focuses of the company is to measure the impro vement of quality within the organisation as it will help the organisation to implement plans and programs for the development of the service quality. The company organises occasional assessment and quality audit which helps to identify the basic loopholes in service and eliminate them effectively for the development of service quality. As stated earlier the company prioritises value proposition and thats what has developed the service quality within the organisation. In the recent past the company has come up with valve evaluation which has advanced the cardiac treatment at the hospital and this has also contributed highly to meet the quality goals of the company. Overall it could be said that the quality plan of Saddleback Memorial Medical Centre is quite effective and visionary that strives to achieve excellence and perfection (Powell et al., 2009 p, 34). 2. Cultural assumptions often affect service provision and dont help an organisation to attain perfection. There are number of culturally biased assumptions which mainly state that all the patients have same expectation is wrong. It is important to mention that the sole motive of the patients to come in the hospital might be same that is to get cured but their requirements and needs might be different which needs to be properly assessed by eliminating these culturally biased assumptions. For instance at Saddleback the focus is always on person centered care, the company understands that the needs and wants of the different consumers are different and accordingly they provide person centered care which eliminate that issue of failing to provide quality service to people (Khatri et al., 2009 p, 23). What needs to be changed in the organisation is that the healthcare company doesnt have any separate system for people who cannot speak their minds. The company should come up with signific ant changes in its infrastructure so that the company is able to provide services even to consumers who are not able to speak or speak any other language. It is also important for the organisation Saddleback to include patients in the healing process (Dahlgaard et al., 2011). They should be viewed as the partners in the development process of their state of health. Quality measures should focus on developing effective counseling approaches which would help to improve the kind of service provided by the organisation. Saddleback Memorial needs to be sensitive towards the socio cultural preferences of their patients. They need to be familiar with the cultural norms and traditions of the people belonging to the different ethnic backgrounds and this will help them to create a strong bond with their end users and this will enable the organisation to ensure a long term association with their patients. The organisation needs to respect the cultural traditions of their patients and at the same time ensure that the patients are provided with excellent quality of care and treatment with their organisation. Having a proper cultural assumption regarding their patients will help the organisation to serve them in a better and effective manner and this will go a long way in ensuring customer satisfaction for their patients. Thus, the organisation will be able to retain their customers for the long haul by fostering brand loyalty among them (Spath, 2009 p, 62). Saddleback Memorial must recruit people from different cultural and ethnic backgrounds within their organisation as this would enable them to indentify the needs and preferences of their different customers in a better and effective manner. They will be able to familiarize themselves with the social and cultural norms of people coming from different cultural background and this will help the organisation to deliver truly world class quality of care and treatment to their patients. Cultural assumptions play a very important role in ensuring a positive interaction with the patient and the care providers. This will help the patient to communicate their medical history and medical symptoms in an effective manner and this would help in better detection and diagnosis of the diseases suffered by the patients. This will enable Saddleback Memorial to gain the trust of their patients and this will help in ensuring customer satisfaction for the end-users of the organisation (Khatri et al., 2009 p, 96). Saddleback Memorial needs to get rid of any cultural biases and stereotypes which are usually found in the healthcare industry. The organisation needs to improve their way of thinking and they must try to understand how their unconscious thinking and assumptions is seriously affecting the quality of care and treatment which are being provided to the patients. This will enable them to ensure culturally competent care to their patients and thus the organisation will be able to further enhance the quality of care and treatment which are being presently delivered to their patients (Grol et al., 2013 p, 134). Finally it is important to mention that provider awareness is a significant culturally biased assumption where it is thought that the provider knows everything but it could be proven wrong and hence Saddleback in order to provide quality services should communicate with the service users in order to provide the best quality service (Campinha-Bacote, 2011 p, 45). References Campinha-Bacote, J. (2011). Delivering patient-centered care in the midst of a cultural conflict: The role of cultural competence.The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing,16(2). Dahlgaard, J. J., Pettersen, J., Dahlgaard-Park, S. M. (2011). Quality and lean health care: A system for assessing and improving the health of healthcare organisations.Total Quality Management Business Excellence,22(6), 673-689. Grol, R., Wensing, M., Eccles, M., Davis, D. (Eds.). (2013).Improving patient care: the implementation of change in health care. John Wiley Sons. Khatri, N., Brown, G. D., Hicks, L. L. (2009). From a blame culture to a just culture in health care.Health care management review,34(4), 312-322. Poksinska, B. (2010). The current state of Lean implementation in health care: literature review.Quality Management in Healthcare,19(4), 319-329. Powell, A. E., Rushmer, R. K., Davies, H. T. O. (2009).A systematic narrative review of quality improvement models in health care. NHS Quality Improvement Scotland. Scott, T., Mannion, R., Davies, H., Marshall, M. (2003). The quantitative measurement of organizational culture in health care: a review of the available instruments.Health services research,38(3), 923-945. Spath, P. (2009).Introduction to healthcare quality management. Chicago, IL: Health Administration Press.

Nvq level free essay sample

Certificate in preparing to work in adult social care. Unit 26 understand how to support individuals with autistic spectrum conditions. Outcome 1 understand the main characteristics of autistic spectrum conditions 1. 1 explain why it is important that each person on the autistic spectrum has their own individual abilities ,needs, strengths, gifts and interests Each person with an ASD has individual gifts, strengths and difficulties, like anyone else. However, a person will be diagnosed as having an ASD if, to a greater or lesser extent, they show some of a range of typical characteristics. The three areas in which people with an ASD often experience difficulties are in social communication, social interaction and social imagination commonly known as the triad of impairments Social communication The person may interpret language in a literal way, may have difficulty interpreting idiomatic terms such as She must have eyes in the back of her head, and may not know when someone is joking or being sarcastic. We will write a custom essay sample on Nvq level or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They may have formal or stilted language, or a monotonous tone of voice. A person with ASD may not pick up on non-verbal communication such as gestures, facial expressions or tone of voice, or they may misinterpret them. They may also not recognise other peoples emotions, motivations or expectations. In particular, they may be unaware of the unspoken rules of behaviour such as instinctively knowing that it might be considered rude to mention certain things. They may also find it difficult to maintain eye contact. Social interaction The person may find it difficult to form or sustain friendships. They may struggle with certain social situations and with making conversation. They may not notice if the person they are talking to is not interested in what they are saying. Social imagination The person may feel more comfortable with facts than imagining hypothetical (what if? ) situations, or thinking in abstract or conceptual ways. They may find it difficult to put themselves in other peoples shoes and understand other peoples perceptions or points of view. Their strengths may lie in following procedures or routines rather than dealing with situations spontaneously. They may have a narrow range of interests. Other factors The person may also be sensitive to noise, smell, taste or touch. They may become anxious if a routine or process is broken. They may have special interests such as a hobby that they are obsessively interested in. The list above gives an overview of the various difficulties that people with ASDs experience. However, it is important to remember that each individual with an ASD will have a unique mix of factors, and not all of the above will be present. These factors will be combined with all the usual characteristics that contribute to someones personality. Each individual is different. So it is important to be aware of what the condition means for them, and to treat them on their own merit. Analyse the main diagnostic features of autistic spectrum conditions, commonly known as the ‘triad of impairments Triad of Impairments This is the term that describes the difficulties that people with autism experience in differing degrees. Because all people are different, the way autism affects them is also different. The term was first used by Lorna Wing Impaired Social Interaction Getting on with other people Symptoms in this area include: Ritualistic, compulsive and obsessional type behaviours. Self-stimulating and repetitive behaviours. Compulsive ritualistic use of language Lack of concept of self and others as beings with feelings and individual thoughts. Difficulties range from indifference and aloofness to wanting desperately to make friends but not understanding social rules and other people’s behaviour and feelings well enough to do so successfully. Some people with autism find social situations very challenging and may avoid interaction altogether. A child with autism may not be able to respond to his or her own name and can avoid looking at other people. Interpreting tone of voice or facial expressions could be problematic for an autistic person as can responding to others emotions appropriately. Autism causes children and adults appear oblivious to the negative impact that their behaviour has on others. Problems with Verbal and Nonverbal Communication Talking and understanding Speech may be present but not used for spontaneous communication Maybe seen as un-cooperative or unresponsive Tantrums or severe episodes of distress Development of language can be concrete and literal Inability to read facial expression, gesture, body language and posture. Impairment of the understanding meaning – semantic and pragmatic. Language difficulties range from no speech at all to fluent speech that can be repetitive and focused on their own areas of interest, rather than true conversation. Limited Imagination and Rigid Thought Processes Thinking and Behaviour Skills learnt in isolation and not transferred or generalised Preoccupation with sameness Difficulty with change Inability to learn successfully by mistake, trial or error Poor play skills and difficulty in developing imaginative play Difficulties in manipulating objects appropriately Seeming impairment of curiosity of the direct world Repetitive activities Inability to differentiate between fantasy and reality The deficits in imaginative and conceptual skills and difficulties in making sense of the world can lead to a rigid way of thinking and doing things, repetitive activity and narrow interests. Changes of routine cause anxiety and distress. 1. 3 explain the meanings of the terms ‘spectrum’ in relation to autism by reference to the notions of sub-conditions and individual variation within the autistic spectrum. The term spectrum is used because the symptoms of ASD can vary from individual to individual, and from mild to severe. In very broad terms, there are three main types of ASD: Autistic disorder, sometimes known as classic autism. Asperger syndrome. Pervasive Developmental Disorder – Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS), which is also known as atypical autism. Autistic disorder individuals with autistic disorder usually have significant problems with language, social interaction and behaviour. Many individuals with autistic disorder will also have learning difficulties and below-average intelligence. Asperger syndrome Individuals with Asperger syndrome have milder symptoms that affect social interaction and behaviour. Their language development is usually unaffected, although they often have problems in certain areas of language. For example, understanding humour or figures of speech, such as she’s got a chip on her shoulder or its raining cats and dogs. individuals with Asperger syndrome usually have above-average intelligence. Some individuals are skilled in fields requiring logic, memory and creativity, such as maths, computer science and music. (But only 1 in 200 children are exceptionally skilled, so-called autistic savants). Pervasive Developmental Disorder – Not Otherwise Specified PDD-NOS can be thought of as a diagnosis of exclusion. It is used for individuals who share some, but not all, of the traits of autistic disorder and/or Asperger syndrome. Most individuals with PDD-NOS have milder symptoms than individuals with autistic disorder, but they do not share the good language skills and above-average intelligence associated with Asperger syndrome. ASD are uncommon but not rare. In England it is estimated that 1 in every 100 children has an ASD. ASD are more common in boys than girls. Boys are three to four times more likely to develop an ASD than girls. 1. 4 Describe the sensory and perceptual difficulties commonly experienced by individuals with an autistic spectrum condition. The types of sensory perceptual deficits associated with Autism and Aspergers are unique. These environmental distortions are varied, unpredictable and constantly changing. For example, parts of the environment may disappear or people may be seen in pieces. As a result those with Autism / Aspergers may experience the following: Alienation Poor concentration Poor social skills Low self esteem System overload Poor body awareness Faulty information (1) Sensory Overload caused by bright lights, fluorescent lights, and sunlight. Lighting is stressful; and this results in behaviours to filter out the light, poor eye contact, and physical symptoms such as anxiety or headaches. (2) Environmental Distortions where the individual sees the world in a distorted fashion. Objects are blurry, moving, changing, and can disappear. People may look frightening, stairs may look like a slide without steps, and walls and floors may swing and sway. Misperceptions can cause difficulties with sustained attention, eye contact, gross and small motor coordination, ability to interpret facial expressions, and poor social skills. (3) Print Distortions make learning or reading difficult. The individual may have good or even advanced reading skills but has trouble with reading comprehension or experiences strain and fatigue when reading or doing other activities. Tracking or building breaks into reading may be a problem. 1. Decribe other conditions that may be associated with the autistic spectrum People with autism may have learning disabilities, which can affect all aspects of someones life, from studying in school, to learning how to wash themselves or make a meal. As with autism, people can have different degrees of learning disability, so some will be able to live fairly independently although they may need a degree of support to achieve this while others may require lifelong, specialist support. However, all people with autism can, and do, learn and develop with the right sort of support. Other conditions are sometimes associated with autism. These may include attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or learning difficulties such as dyslexia and dyspraxia. 1. 6. describe how language and intellectual abilities vary between individuals and sun-groups across the spectrum Those people with an ASC and an IQ level of 70 or above are often considered to be on the â€Å"higher functioning† end of the autistic spectrum due to their IQ level. However, this is not necessarily the case due to many still experiencing significant difficulties with social interactions, social communication and behaviour that can make them particularly vulnerable. A small but significant number of people with an ASC and IQ above 70 require intensive care and support, as is the case in Westminster. Most of those with an IQ level of 70 or above would have a diagnosis of Aspergers Syndrome or High Functioning Autism. Further explanation of the subgroups of ASCs is given Table 1 below. Although subgroups exist, their use may not be considered helpful in some cases. For Instance, a child diagnosed with â€Å"Autistic Disorder† may develop into an adult presenting symptoms closer to Aspergers Syndrome or High Functioning Autism. The condition appears to change over time, as do the abilities of the person with the condition. outcome 2 understand how autistic spectrum conditions can impact on the lives of individuals and those around them 2. 1 describe ways in which autism can impact on the everyday lives of individuals, their parents/carers and siblings and others close to them While many people with autism and their families will cope well with the additional challenges autism brings, the emotional impact of autism is often difficult and sometimes devastating for people with autism and the families of those affected. In the case of people with, for example, Asperger Syndrome, levels of mental health problems and depression are high as individuals struggle to cope in everyday society. Whilst many people argue that people with autism should be regarded simply as different rather than disordered, there is no doubt of the very real distress that autism can cause. People with autism and learning disabilities may have no speech and complex special needs and may need full-time care. For the individual with autism, the world can be a confusing and lonely place, where everyone except them understands the rules of appropriate behaviour. For the family of an autistic child life is often stressful. Parents and siblings usually have to cope with unyielding challenging behaviour and possibly sleep deprivation, as many children with autism do not sleep for long periods of time. Because children and adults with autism find it difficult to manage in social situations, many families become isolated. Added to this, is the difficult and lengthy processes to obtain from local authorities the special education to which children with autism are entitled. Many parents with autistic children believe that they will be primary carer for life and are often very concerned about what will happen to their child when they die. The stresses to family life can lead to relationship breakdowns, divorce and, in extreme circumstances, suicide. Just under half of parents of children with autism experience mental distress. 2. 2 explain how autistic spectrum conditions can impact on individuals differently according to factors such as. gender, ethnicity and social, cultural and religious environment. Autism as a whole affects more males than females, social, some may they have been punished by god,and some believe it is down to bad parenting. 2. 3 explain how stereotyped views, their discrimination and a lack of understanding of autistic spectrum conditions can compound the difficulties already experienced by individuals and their families Autistic people already have a large barrier, preventing them from doing a lot of every day tasks, this is not helped when they are up against stereotyping,discrimination,ect. Society can be a cruel environment for an able bodied person but if people are still ignorant to the autistic spectrum they may still refer to autistic people as being â€Å"retarded† or â€Å"naughty â€Å". 2. 4 describe ways of helping an individual and/or their parents/carers/siblings to understand their autistic spectrum condition By giving people information either from books, the internet, or training programs, this will increase their knowledge and understanding of the autistic spectrum. Outcome 3 understand different theories and concepts about autism 3. 1 explain theories about autism related to Brain function and genetics: -psychology Attwood (2007) describes the psychological term Theroy of mind (ToM) as â€Å"the ability to recognise and understand thoughts, beliefs, desires and intentions of other people in order to make sense of their behaviour and predict what they are going to do next†¦. the child or adult with aspergers syndrome does not recognise or understand the cues that indicate the thought or feelings of the other person at a level expected for someone of that age† The affects of impaired ToM abilities on daily life (Attwood): difficulty reading the social/ emotional message in someone’s eyes. Individuals with aspergers syndrome engage in less eye contact, so are more likely to miss important cues signalled by change . difficulty conceptualizing the other person’s perceptive and prorities limited skills in persuasion a tendancy to be confrontational and rigid a reluctance to change a decision and admit making a mistake an adversion to being interrupted/ strong dislike of any form of critism or correction a compulsion for completion a tendancy to punish rather than praise a tendancy to avoid demands a lack of knowledge of alternative strategies. Adults with aspergers syndrome are susceptible to having various psychological difficulties. Often they are the result of the individuals difficulty coping with their aspergers syndrome and the stress, anger, frustration, confusion, anxiety and fear that they feel. Some of the most common additional difficulties include the following: anger outbursts agitation and restlessness increase in obsessional/ reptetive activities/ thoughts/ speech low mood/ depression apathy and inactivity onset of uncharacteristic, bizarre behaviour or thoughts For sme people with aspergers syndrome, there appears to be faulty emotion regulation or control mechanism for expressing anger. When feeling angry the person does not appear to be able to pause and think of alternative strategies to resolve the situation 3. 2 explain why there are alternative choices of terminology used to describe the autism spectrum. This is because they share the same or similar autistic traits and features: i. e, aspergers. 3. 3 describe the strengths and the limitations of different types of terminology. Strengths: limitations: support labelling + streptypes understanding blame having a name to the disability stigmatising 3. 4 explain the contributions of autism rights groups and the implications of their views for the support of individuals with an autistic spectrum condition ARM: autistic right movement. The autism rights movement (ARM) (also neurodiversity movement or anti-cure movement or autistic culture movement) is a social movement that encourages autistic people, their caregivers and society to adopt a position of neurodiversity, accepting autism as a variation in functioning rather than a mental disorder to be cured. The ARM advocates a variety of goals including a greater acceptance of autistic behaviors;[2] treatment that teaches autistic individuals coping skills rather than treatment focused on imitating behaviors of neurotypical peers, including extinguishing harmless stimming, forcing eye contact and breaking routines;[3] the creation of social networks and events that allow autistic persons to socialize on their own terms;[4] and the recognition of the autistic community as a minority group. Autism rights or neurodiversity advocates believe that autism spectrum disorders are genetic and should be accepted as a natural expression of the human genome. This perspective is distinct from two wings of the autism cure movement: (1) the perspective that autism spectrum disorders are caused by a genetic defect and should be addressed by targeting the autism gene(s) and (2) the perspective that autism is caused by environmental factors like vaccines and pollution and could be cured by addressing environmental causes. The movement is controversial and there are a wide variety of both supportive and critical opinions about the movement among people whose lives are affected by autism. 3. 5 outline controversies concerning the search for cures and interventions for autistic spectrum conditions and for pre-natal diagnosis See separate print-out 3. Explain why it is important to take into account individual differences in views of what is important in life, and how this might be especially important when supporting individuals on the autistic spectrum This is where a person centred plan is important it will help with understanding the individuals hopes,dreams and aspirations. Every one is different and what may seem like a simple thing to an abled bodied person it could be a life changing event for some-one with autism. Understand the legal and policy framework that underpins good practice in the support of individuals with autistic spectrum conditions 4. 1 identify what legislations and national and local policy and guidance exists Mental capacity act, deprivation of liberty, safeguarding, mental health act,discrimination act, equal opportunity act, Autistm Act 2009. 4. 2 explain what individuals or situations the legislation, national and local policy and guidance applies to. The above legislations,policies and guidance applies to every individual in many different ways,they apply to a variety of things from day to day tasks right through to making life changing decisions. 4. 3 explain how the ways in which legislations and national and local policy and guidance apply to individuals on the autistic spectrum may differ according to their particular needs. Each individual has a different capacity to make choices that is why they differ according to the individuals needs and abilities. Outcome 5 Understand how to achieve effective communication with individuals with an autistic spectrum condition 5. 1 give examples of how â€Å"challenging behaviour† can be a way of expressing emotions where there are communication differences Frustration, inability to make people understand their feelings and they may not recognise their own emotions. Pain:- they may feel in pain but unable to get people to understand this. 5. 2 describe methods and systems used to develop and support an individual’s communication Makaton is a language programme using signs and symbols to help people communicate. It is designed to support spoken language and the signs and symbols are used with speech in spoken word order. People with learning disabilities or communication difficulties may struggle to make themselves understood and to understand others. This can provoke intense frustration, challenging behaviour and isolation, and act as a barrier to achievement. The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) is a successful approach that uses pictures to develop communication skills. It is appropriate for children and adults with learning and communication difficulties including autism. Easy to access, affordable to implement and scientifically supported as one of the most effective communication interventions, PECS is an opportunity to open the door to spontaneous communication. 5. 3 explain how to maximise the effectiveness of communication by making adaptions to own verbal and non-verbal communication style. Make simple, repetitive phrases,using picture cards, emotion cards,traffic light cards. Understand how to support individuals with an autistic spectrum condition 6. 1 explain why it is important to establish a person-centred plan catering to an individuals specific preferences and need Person-centred care is a philosophy of providing care that is centred around the person, and not just their health needs. We are all individual, no two people are the same hence it is not appropriate to say that because two people have dementia – that they both have the same care and support needs. The values which one person feels are important in their life may not be so to another. To provide the best support to a person, their values must be taken into account and by doing so you will be empowering that person, increase their self determination and improve their independence. 6. 2 explain why consultation with families/parents/carers is important in person-centred planning and support It is important to find out as much about an individual’s views, values, needs, preferences, history and wishes, as possible. To work in a person centred way you need to build a complete picture of the whole person, in order to provide the best care package for them. To do this you will have to talk to various people involved in the person’s life including themselves, family, friends, doctors etc. This will help to build the picture and provide details such as their favourite food, hobbies, where they lived, their medical conditions, their family. 6. Describe different techniques and approaches to support individuals with an autistic spectrum condition to learn and develop new skills I have researched a technique called forward and backward chaining. It could be that a service user wishes to make a sandwich but gets anxious because it has too many process to achieve their goal so for instance,you could make the sandwich and ask them to place it on the plate, then each time adding something extra for them to do e. Next time ask them to cut the sandwich and place it on the plate,them place the top slice of bread on , cut and place on the plate, eventually they will be able to process the whole task from the start. 6. 4 explain how to reduce sensory overload, or increase sensory stimulation, by making adaptions to the physical and sensory environment You could turn the sound down on the tv and dim the lights if you knew the individual got over stimulated by noise and lights, this is especially done in the evenings when the individual needs to reduce sensory overload. If an individual wanted to be stimultated then you could provide different noises, disco lights and various different textures. 6. 5 explain ways of helping an individual with an autistic spectrum condition to protect themselves from harm Risk assessments are devised to reduve risk to the individual,they could be given supervision when completing tasks and safeguarding them from exposure. 6. Explain how needs change for individuals and their families at different stages of their lives As a child with an autistic spectrum condition their needs will change as they grow older, they become stronger ( which could mean that once they were easily manageable when showing behaviours,they could now pose a threat to the person caring for them), their support will need to change as they progress from living at home to wanting to go into supported living, their emotions will change due to their body going through adolesance, puberty. Describe the role that advocacy can play in the support of individuals with an autistic spectrum condition. Advocacy is a way of helping people to speak up for themselves. Everybody has the same rights: To make choices about our lives To get help from Adult Social Care or Health Services if we need it To be told about our rights To have opportunities for leisure, education, training and employment whether we have a disability or not To make a complaint when something goes wrong. An advocate can: Listen to you Help you to plan any action you may need or wish to take Write letters and make telephone calls with you, or for you Make sure your views are heard by attending meetings/reviews with you Get information for you, or put you in touch with someone who can Spend time with you preparing for meetings Find out other ways you can get support Find out what your rights are Liaise with relevant agencies

Analysis of Bruce Dawe and his Poetry Essay Essay Example

Analysis of Bruce Dawe and his Poetry Essay Essay Example Analysis of Bruce Dawe and his Poetry Essay Paper Analysis of Bruce Dawe and his Poetry Essay Paper Essay Topic: Poes Poetry Bruce Dawe is one of the most inspirational and true poets of our clip. Born in 1930. in Geelong. most of Dawe’s poesy concerns the common individual. His verse forms are a remembrance on the universe and issues around him. The statement ‘The poet’s function is to dispute the universe they see around them’ is really true for Bruce Dawe. as his chief intent in his poesy was to picture the mute societal issues refering the common Australian suburban occupant. His echt concern for these issues is obvious through his mocking attack to the issues he presents in his verse form. ‘Drifters’ is about a household who move from topographic point to topographic point. as the male parent needs to travel by the demand of his occupation. Dawe wrote this verse form in a really insouciant linguistic communication ; nevertheless. if you read it carefully you would be able to see the earnestness of what he is stating. The immature kids are turning up to larn no other manner of life except the life of continuously traveling. as they are all waiting for the twenty-four hours they shall travel once more. The kids get really excited about traveling from topographic point to topographic point ‘and the childs will shout truly’ . The firstborn is going cognizant that their roaming lives may neer alter ‘the oldest miss is close to cryings because she was happy here’ . She is going frustrated with her life. Dawe shows commiseration for the married woman. as she has to gone through this so many more times before ‘she won’t even ask why they’re go forthing this time’ . Dawe writes sympathetically about the married woman. like when she asks her hubby Tom to do a want in the last line of the verse forms ‘Make a wish. Tom. do a wish’ . Because this is a uninterrupted event. the married woman is acquiring frustrated. as at the clip of packing one time once more she finds that she has non unpacked from there last move. Even though this verse form is written in a happy tone Dawe is being serious about the issue of how a household gets disquieted about being stuck in a life that is continuously traveling about and non being for good settled anyplace. ‘Homecoming’ was written in 1968 during the Vietnam War with the purpose of doing its audience aware of the inanity and calamity of war. The poem trades with the legion phases of conveying the dead place for at that place ‘homecoming’ . a purportedly joyous juncture worthy of great jubilation. The rubric serves as a changeless reminder of what may hold been. Rather than approaching place observing their Heroic endurance. they are being bought place dead. ‘They’re conveying them in. piled on the hulls of Grants. in trucks. in convoys ; they’re zipping them up in plastic bags’ . Dawe uses a figure of cagey poetic techniques in order to show his feelings towards war. The perennial usage of ‘they’ and ‘they’re’ in the first subdivision intimations at the impersonal relationship between the organic structures and their animal trainers. Dawe shows his audience how this is the rough world of war. if people allowed the usual human compassion to get the better of them every clip they saw yet another dead organic structure. it would be excessively intolerable. Rhythm is besides used a great trade in the first subdivision. doing it sound about chant-like through the usage of intermissions that form a direct round. This beat suggests a slow. mechanical procedure. about like an assembly line. Interestingly. Dawe goes against conventional methods of interrupting his verse form up into different stanzas. Despite this. it is apparent that the verse form exists in three chief subdivisions – the assemblage of organic structures in the jungles of Saigon. the flight back to Australian for the dead soldiers. and eventually the organic structures returning place. In the 2nd stage of the verse form. this humdrum beat is abandoned. Gone is the ‘human touch’ from in the jungles of Saigon. now the organic structures are being lifted ‘high. now. high and higher’ . proposing that the organic structures are being taken to be laid to rest in Eden. Wordss like ‘noble’ . ‘whine’ and ‘sorrowful’ are used to show the sorrow and repent that Australian’s will experience as their dead young persons are bought place. Through the usage of the personification of the planes. Dawe voices the unhappiness and futility of the state of affairs. ‘tracing the bluish curve of the Pacific with sorrowful speedy fingers’ . In the concluding stage of ‘Homecoming’ Dawe focuses on the soldiers eventually coming ‘home. place. home’ . The tone alterations. and the lines echo the feeling of homesick Australian soldiers. As the planes approach Australia ‘the seashores swing upward’ to run into the planes. This is the coastline that would hold been so familiar to the soldiers had they been coming home alive. yet now they don’t have the chance to see the ‘knuckled hills. the mangrove-swamps. the desert emptiness’ . an environment immensely different from the jungle they had fought so valorously in. ‘A Victorian hangman tells his love’ is about a adult male who enjoys what his occupation consists of. His occupation consists of hanging felons as a penalty for the offenses they have committed. Bruce Dawe writes this verse form from the bent adult males perspective. it tells the audience how he feels about executing. Dawe explains that the hangman is ashamed to have on his hangman apparels in forepart of his married woman. ‘Two piece tracksuit. welder’s goggles and a green fabric cap like some gross bee- this is the provinces idea†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ . He thinks of a hanging as a bridal. and by reading these lines you can state how particular hangings are to him. The tone is of this verse form is ashamed and proud. the hangman is ashamed because of the inexpensive apparels he has to have on when it is so particular to him and proud because -=- - Dawe writes about the hangings as if they are a ritual. ‘This noose with which we’re wed is something o f an heirloom’ . the hangman feels as if the hanging gives them some sort of particular connexion. The human status is explained throughout this verse form. the manner people feel towards these hangings and the manner the hangman feels about these hangings. This was the last hanging to take topographic point in Australia. it was really controversial and Dawe writes about it as if the hangman is really disquieted. as this will be his concluding hanging. It is really Australian in puting as it is a specifying minute in our history as Australia. It was the last life taken for capital penalty in Australia. Dawe writes this verse form in a controversial manner as it describes how the hangman enjoys ‘ hitting the door lever. you will travel away into a new life’ this hangman thinks that he is making these work forces a favour by taking their lives. ‘On the Death of Ronald Ryan’ is about a adult male who is traveling to be executed for a offense he purportedly committed. Dawe writes this verse form in Ronald Ryan’s wife’s or lover perspective. The reader can experience her unhappiness towards Ronald’s executing. and her regard for him deceasing ‘most horrifyingly like a man’ . The human status is undeniably Australian as there is the mark of a true combatant ‘annealed un-tranquilized. contemning a concluding statement’ . Dawe writes of the married woman as if she wished Ronald died ‘with far more self-respect than the shabby ritual which gave you recognition for’ .

Child Depression essays

Child Depression essays Depression is one of the most common and most serious mental health problems facing people today. Depression is so common that over 1 in 5 Americans can expect to get some form of depression in their lifetime. With this disorder there are equally boys and girls affected with depression. Two decades ago childhood depression has been taken seriously. Since depression interferes with a persons ability to function effectively throughout the day or even to have the motivation to get out of bed in the mourning children tend to pretend to be sick, refuse to go to school, cling to a parent, or worry that the parent may die. Younger individuals with depression are more likely to show phobias, separation anxiety disorder, somatic complaints and behavior problems. Children go through behavior changes in their life, and so the parent may not know whether the child is going through a temporary phase or is suffering from depression. If treatment is needed, the doctor may suggest that another therapist, a social worker or a psychologist, provide therapy while the psychiatrist will oversee medication if it is There are many different ways to treat this problem, here are a few: cognitive behavioral therapy, social skills, self-control, interpersonal therapy, rational emotive therapy, family and psychodynamic approaches. Cognitive behavioral therapy is the most popular and commonly used therapy for the effective treatment of depression. The first steps to having a successful therapy is to put the individual in a positive and reinforcing therapeutic environment. Educating the client within the first session or two is usually the next step about depression for many people is caused by faulty cognitions. Since human faulty thinking is discussed, encourage the client to take notes on his or her...

Cultural Immersion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cultural Immersion - Essay Example As I grew up, I realized there were increasing numbers of adverts and campaigns to assist these people. On one night show by a Fox News presenter, I heard the news anchor commenting, â€Å"Something needs to be done regarding homelessness. I believe it is high time the government made extra efforts and offered proper solutions instead of leaving it to non-governmental organizations† (Todd 2006, p. 23). This made me to take a keen interest and try to find out more about the homeless. As a resident of San Diego, I made attempts to inquire about the homeless. One day, I asked my dad, â€Å"Are you aware of where the homeless live? Can you walk me there?† My dad laughed and said, â€Å"I will take you there.† That Saturday morning, my dad and I proceeded to San Diego streets, as I joyfully carried some old clothes of mine and some dollar coins I had earlier saved in my piggy bank. In my past years, I had always enjoyed coming to the city since my father took us to ma ny fancy places by his car. That day, my father took another path as we walked to the city. I heard my father saying, â€Å"Welcome to Downtown. I am happy that you made a wise choice to visit these people. You will learn a lot†. As we entered Downtown Street, we met a lady that had carried a child and she had sat on the cold floor with tattered clothes, looking emaciated and shivering from the cold chilly morning. They had no pullovers and next to them was a card board house that was about to crumple. The baby’s mouth had dried and it kept crying as flies were all over it. On seeing that sight, I asked my dad â€Å"Is she homeless?† My dad looked straight into my eyes as we approached them and only nodded his head in agreement. As we approached the mother, she turned to our side and I saw a grimace developing on her face, and she started to look around in her cardboard hut for a mug. She later dashed to where we were, leaving the baby on the floor as she scream ed, â€Å"Mr. Can you please spare some change. I am homeless and I have not eaten for days.† Staring at her grotesque figure and emaciated baby, I was touched with great sorrow as to what she had to undergo while being homeless. As she spoke, every word cut across my heart as I wondered, â€Å"Why God? Why her? Why this child?† My dad went calmly by her side and gave her some coins which he had. He then instructed me to donate the clothes which I had to help warm her child. I was moved by that act as I witnessed the mother turn happy (Todd 2006, p. 55). I was happy helping the needy. After a while, we continued with our journey and arrived at a homeless shelter. The conditions in the homeless shelter were messy as it was full beyond capacity. From what the patron told us, the population meant for the place was 120, but instead it housed 500 people. Some people were forced to sleep on the bare floor (Todd 2006, p. 113). From the look of things, I realized that the sani tation around that place was not good. In addition, I also saw some homeless people squabbling for food. I had never imagined people could do that. I had always watched in movies, but that was my first time witnessing such a sad moment. I was touched and realized that for many years I had been ignoring this minority group in the society. I regretted always enjoying Christmas while someone else was out there freezing in the cold. At around 2 p.m. my dad and I left that place, and I realized how I had been neglecting the homeless for a

Freedom of Movement in EU Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Freedom of Movement in EU - Essay Example Signed in 1992, the Maastricht Treaty provides that European citizenship confers on every European citizen a fundamental and personal right to move and reside freely without reference to an economic activity. The Treaty also provides for additional active and passive voting rights in European and local elections. Diplomatic and consular protection is also enhanced by giving the right to EU citizens to ask for the help of any Member State represented in a third Country if his/her own Member State is not represented there. Treaty of Amsterdam enforced on May 1999, extended the citizens rights and obligations by introducing a clause allowing EU institutions to take measures against discrimination on the grounds of sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation. It reinforced the free movement of people by integrating the Schengen Convention into the Treaty. This also affirmed the commitment of each Member State to raise the quality and free access to education at national level to the highest level of knowledge possible with, in particular, the view to tackling unemployment. In 2001, the Treaty of Nice was sign facilitating legislation related to free movement and residence by introducing qualified majority for the decision-making in the European Council. The legal basis for the Freedom of movement for persons in the European Union is: Article 14 (7a) ECT: establishing the internal market, which includes the free movement of persons. Article 18 (8a) ECT: Union citizens have the right to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States. Article 61 (73i) et seq: new Title IV, 'Visas, asylum, immigration and other policies related to free movement of persons'. The objectives for the Freedom of movement for persons and the abolition of controls at internal frontiers form part of the internal market in which it is not possible for internal frontiers to exist or for individuals to be hampered in their movements. Since its inception, the concept of the free movement of persons has changed in meaning so that while the first provisions on the subject referred merely to the free movement individuals considered as economic agents, either as employees or providers of services, it has gradually widened to take on a more general meaning connected with the idea of Union citizenship, independent of any economic activity or distinctions of nationality. This currently applies to nationals of third countries as abolition of control at internal borders allows people movements that could no longer be checked for nationality. The freedom of movement applies to goods, persons, services and capital, the so-called "four freedoms" but specifically under

History Civil War Movie - Lincoln (2012) Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History Civil War - Lincoln (2012) - Movie Review Example The movie appreciates the most remarkable historical event in the American history. The movie displays the efforts put forward by Abraham Lincoln during his last years in power to pass the 13th Amendment in the U.S. Constitution with the help of the House of Representatives. In this sense, some social issues like the rights to vote by the African Americans and women and slavery are among the contributors to its amendment. In Lincoln (2012), a key issue revolves around social class and not race. Lincoln used the North Industrialists to fund most of his campaigns because it gave them the power to levy heavy taxes on people living in the South so that the companies in the North can grow. Through this, there seems to be a divide between the two regions. The North was keen about economic prowess, land ownership, free markets and owning the bank of the United States. Since the South did not have a good representation, it underwent oppression through taxes. Regarding interests, the North wa s a racist hub with slavery being dominant in the South. Through this Abraham Lincoln, while relating to the movie, the Unite States was able to enforce the Thirteenth Amendment in her constitution. In the amendment, the senate abolished the widespread slavery and involuntary servitude. The only exception in this amendment is when slavery is used as a corrective measure especially when punishing criminals. Though the movie carries a good message, its storyline has no concrete documentation. Critics term the Lincoln (2012) movie as a misleading historical movie. For instance, in this movie, Lincoln, who is the President of the United States orders two of his congressional representatives to use all means to pass the 13th amendment. The President in the movie uses this phrase to show authority: Critics in some way agree with the quote because historical documentation proves so. However, the tone in the command, the facial expression as well as the context in which it

The Different Between Favouritism Cronyism And Nepotism Philosophy Essay

The Different Between Favouritism Cronyism And Nepotism Philosophy Essay The effect of nepotism has been opinion based rather than facts and incidents therefore views on the subject vary from situation to situation. Nepotism at work refers to favouring relatives in employment or economic terms as opposed to them being judged on ability and/or merit in a specific organisation. This could include  a position over somebody else who may be more suitable for the position, whereby you would be paying a relative more money than somebody doing the same job or granting them special favours. However, nepotism can be viewed in terms of people giving somebody a boost up to allow them to get into an organisation but will be treated in the same manner as everybody else. Although nepotism is in the sense of the word, refers to relatives, it can also mean to allow friends to be incorporated into an organisation or to be granted simply favour in general. Smaller, family owned businesses are the organisations this more common occurs and that is perfectly understandable. In a small business in particular, limited options exist for career advancement. When employees see that the owners daughter or son has been promoted to a managerial post, the idea of favouritism and special treatment is impossible to overcome especially if the new manager shows signs of been less qualified than the other applicants that applied. The existence of a nepotism policy ensures that all employees are treated equally and that the owner of the organisation cannot influence the hiring, promotion or discipline of a close relative. The policy allows for reduction of favouritism by enquiring all employees to disclose relevant conflicts, such as a close personal or business relationship with all current employees, and more importantly it restrict the employees involvement with employment decisions relating to their relative. Family owned businesses have always had a tradition of the reins being passed down from generation to generation and their succession totally relies a lot on the emotional ties which bonds a family together. That being said, if the company also employs staff outside of the family as well, its important for the companies well-being to maintain a strict working relationship where the family member(s) is treated no more than equal to all of the rest of the staff who may hold a similar position to them in order that the workplace remains peaceful and there are no accusations of special treatment. In most cases, you will often find that family members have to work ten times harder than the average outsiders to prove themselves worthy of holding specific positions and to avoid such assumptions from arising. 1.2.1. The different between favouritism, cronyism, and nepotism? As favouritism is the broadest of these three terms, well start with its definition. Favouritism is just what it sounds like; its favouring a person not because he/she is doing the best job but rather because of some kind of personal relationship either with the manager or the owner of the company that you would be employed in. Favouritism is currently represented in three different ways hiring, honouring, or awarding contracts. The most common cases are giving public service jobs to those who may have helped you during an election for a person in power. Favouritism has always been a major problem in government services over the years. In 2010, a survey was done and it was found that only 46% of government workers thought that promotions received in their department were based on merit. They believed that it is who you are connected to or rather who u know and more importantly the partnerships you made while been in the government departments, and other factors played a major role. The second term is cronyism which is a more specific form of favouritism that refers partial towards friends and partial towards associates. As the old saying goes, Its not what you know but who you know, or, rather Its not what you dont know; its who your college roommate knows. Cronyism occurs within a network of insiders who provide favours to one another due to association. The last phrase is nepotism which is an even narrower form of favouritism. It originated from the Italian word which means nephew, it covers favouritism to members of the family. Both nepotism and cronyism often occur at offices where political parties recruit candidates for public officials. 1.2.2. The Most Common Reasons for Nepotism in the Workplace According to the service industries in government departments are subjected to nepotism at various work levels. The economic and political structures are given as the common reasons for such favouritism in such departments. What happens in bigger firms and organizations? Employees are affected by nepotism in one way or another in bigger organizations as well. This cronyism allows both short term and long term negativities amongst employees and in turn impact the organizational growth as well as the performance levels of that specific organisation. Let us take a closer look about how nepotism spoils employee morale and workplace culture. Here are examples of different case studies and decisions International Case Studies Nepotism Case Study #1:   FACTS: An employee was hired in May 2010 to work as an assistant sales manager for a waste management company that also supplied portable toilets and provided septic tank services. The employees job required him to develop and implement businesses amongst existing and new clients.   He could earn a bonus based on his sales input on a monthly basis. In February 2012, the employee became romantically involved with senior office manager.   They moved in together a month later.   Although their relationship was commonly known in the office, at no time did the employer advice either parties that their employment might be in jeopardy as a result of their relationship. In October, the first employee was fired due to his common-law relationship with the senior office manager. The employer concluded that because office manager was one of two financial control officers as well and was privy to confidential financial information, that placed her in a conflict of interest with the employee as one of her duties was to input data regarding all sales which were linked to employee bonuses. The employer was of the view that the common law relationship between the employee and the manager was not an acceptable business practice and created an unacceptable business and financial risk to the organisation. The employee immediately filed a complaint of discrimination on the basis of marital status. The Board of Inquiry resolved that there was definitely a  case of discrimination that was made out because: Although living in a common-law relationship for only a short period of time, the employees in question were living together and this was regarded as the marital status in the Human Rights Act; The employee was treated differently than other employees and terminated as a result of his relationship with the office manager and, as a result, was discriminated against on the basis of marital status To determine if this form of discrimination was justified, the Board of Inquiry determined that the employer was unable to meet the standard requirements because: The employers standard policy requirements stated that the office manager could not enter into a living relationship with an employee due to the confidential nature of her position.   This standard did not necessary connect to the performance of the employees jobs; There was no bad faith on the part of the employer in implementing its standard; The standard was not reasonable and could accomplish the work-related purpose because the employer overlooked relatively simple checks and balances that could have been put in place to protect the business.   For example, the employers General Manager could have been asked to review the input of data relating to bonuses that the employee might have been entitled to. The Board ordered the employer to compensate the employee an subsequently amount in general damages, also to write the employee a letter of apology and to participate in a well needed training course with the Human Rights Commission on the duty to accommodate. The employer appealed the decision to the Court as soon as the verdict was concluded. OUTCOME: The Court also found that the Board ruled correctly that the employee and office manager were living in a common-law relationship and protected from discrimination on the basis of marital status; The Court disagreed with the Boards analysis of the first step, ruling that the workplace standard at issues was to limit access to confidential information and to avoid creating a situation where the office manager could possibly be placed in a position of conflict between the interests of their employer and the interests of the employee, who they were in a relationship with.   The purpose of the policy was mainly to identify it as being unacceptable business and financial risks.   The policy was found to be rationally connected to the performance of the office managers job as their work involved inputting information that formed part of the basis on which the employees bonus was calculated; The Court agreed with the Boards overall conclusion that the employer could have accommodated the marital relationship here without incurring undue hardship.   As the General Manager already reviewed the office managers work, he could simply have reviewed any data that would have affected the employees bonuses. The Court upheld the damages award and the requirement of an apology letter but found that ordering the so needed training course was inappropriate. WHAT TO relevant FROM THEse CASES: The creation of an anti-nepotism policy should be considered by employers before they are implemented and given their application will always give rise to  cases of discrimination. The fact that two employees are related on any level will not be enough to justify an application of an anti-nepotism policy.   The family member or marital relationship in question must be relevant to the ability of one of the related individuals to perform his or her job duties. Anti-nepotism policies should be designed to limit the impact on the affected family member.   A policy that only takes into consideration the employers interests will not stand up to scrutiny. Employers must be prepared to show that when they applied the policy, they gave considered the circumstances of the affected employee and they accommodated the employee to the point of undue hardship.   Rigid application of an anti-nepotism policy will cause an otherwise justified policy to fail. Ive been in this situation to many times to mention and in prior cases as well, which didnt turn out well.   And more recently, I dont know what the outcome is just yet. Case Study #2   Very early in my career, a friend of mine was looking to get into the same industry I was currently employed in.   I had been employed for a couple years and due to a lot of hard work and some downright luck, I had become what I would consider a master mind and gained a better job title after some time. I was confined to sharing all my details of the company and had not yet got many contacts in other areas except for the one I was employed in. A friend asked if I could forward their curriculum vitae to the organisation which I was employed in to see if they could get their foot in the door. I knew the friend pretty well and thought theyd make a good addition to the organisation and figured what did I have to lose? Inside my head, it was another story, there were also some other thoughts going on in the background that I should have paid attention to. On the positive side, I had thoughts like he is a great person, he would be cool to work with, Id love to see him working here, and he would do it for me in a heartbeat? On the negative side, I was thinking, am I making the biggest mistake hiring him? Since I had no contacts in the area that I was employed in, I had to approach an old college contact that I hadnt kept in touch with and ask who the decision-makers of my firm were, I then made contact with a hiring manager, introduce myself and basically sold my friend curriculum vitae and line up an interview. I highlighted all positive interactions Id had achieved and some demonstrated leadership examples and past work experience that I was familiar with that seemed valid at the time. I dont know if my call had anything to do with it, but I understood that my friend got a call back for an interview later in that week. Well, a few weeks later, I asked how the interview went when we saw my friend and I was horrified to hear that my friend missed the interview. They claimed something happened with their calendar or cell phone or something and completely missed the interview. I felt like I had totally wasted the one opportunity I probably had at helping someone out with that group and now I looked like a fool for recommending someone so unprofessional. Straight after this event, my friend got an offer from another company. So, I started to wonder if this was really an honest mistake or they just blew off my company once they got other job proposals, but either way, it left me regretting my decision to help them out in the first place. I had spent considerable time, effort, and professional capital in trying to make something happen and it was all in vein. Case Study #3   A year or two later, I was approached by another friends relative who was looking to get into my field actually. They had obtained an engineering degree and wanted to get into a higher paying industry and seemed intelligent, mature and very responsible. I didnt know them very well, but because they were a relative of a good friend of mine and they genuinely seemed like a good candidate, I figured I would at least pass their curriculum vitae on. We had hung out a few times and I knew them at least well enough to pass on the curriculum vitae to the right people. This time though, due to the fact that I was burnt before, I decided to just pass on the curriculum vitae to the right person, but made no further attempts to ensure the person an interview. I researched a bit into their interests, ability to relocate, etc. and then put the curriculum vitae into the hands of some of the hiring managers. I was actually a part of the hiring process at the time, but didnt think it would be ethnical to hire that individual myself, nor did they seem like a perfect fit for my particular area that the position was available for. Strictly on merit the person made it into the next stage and without my knowledge attached my name as a reference.   When questioned I was honest and explained we didnt have any personal relationship. I had just replied that I met them a couple times and they seemed qualified, but given professionalism and personal history with them, I couldnt really make an endorsement one way or other. Well, when the friends relative called one day to check in, they pretty much alluded to the fact that the only reason they wanted to get in was so my company would pay for their further education, which is somewhat common in my field, but was not offered in their current role. They were basically looking for me to facilitate for them to take advantage of my company. Again, while I had played a very minor role in just passing an curriculum vitae along, I felt responsible for another bad situation involving nepotism or whatever you want to call it. I didnt play a major role and was curious how it panned out. Through whatever means during the interview process, I assume one of the interviewers picked up on the agenda and they opted to not extend an offer to this specific person. If they had extended an offer, what would I have been required to do, ignore the situation?   Or intervene?   I continued to question myself how and why I also got involved in these situations and was relieved when it ironed itself out through no fault of mine. After these two specific cases, Id pretty much had it with the hook me up thing. While hearing similar story from other friends of mine, I can only imagine that the outcome is always a negative one. For the one case that works out well, where 5 years later, someone looks back and says, Hey, that college buddy of mine is doing a great job and loves it here after I helped him land an interview, there are probably many more cases where someone got burned. Situation   This brings me to the most current situation. We have an acquaintance that was recently laid off and just now started looking for work again. The other day, they approached me and asked if Id forward their curriculum vitae around and speak with the hiring managers visible on the external job board. On one hand, again, with someone with a young child out of work, nice person, responsible, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦how you can just say, No, Im not helping? I barely know them on a personal level and had been burned so many times before. So, Ive agreed to pass along the curriculum vitae to someone I actually do know in the particular field whom I asked to review and forward along if they felt appropriate and I also checked around on another upcoming job posting that will go external and I passed that along as well. But I decided not to contact any hiring managers, as I dont know them, and I barely know the person as well. If things pan out their way, great it will be by natural means through the established system, and if not, I was at least honest in my reply that I had passed it along to some individuals I did know who may be looking for someone with similar qualifications which I did. But due to my past experiences and my conflicted feelings over the ethical aspect, Im not going the extra mile in trying to give them a significant advantage over other candidates coming in with no such advantages. Here are some positive outcomes of nepotism   I think there are some clear pros and cons to having current employees recommending or hiring people they know for jobs. On the positive side, you already know the person on a personal level and that could be an advantage. You would like to think this person wont make you look bad and would appreciate the opportunity that you have been awarded them. Perhaps oneday, they will help you out in a similar situation?   Lets think about the networker themselves isnt a go-getter a sign of someone with initiative someone whos going to sell your product, advance your agenda, and more importantly get results?   Well, maybe, but thats the going viewpoint. Here are some negative outcomes of nepotism   Is it right?   Is it ethical?   If you have two candidates one is rather outgoing, has tons of friends and family and has all the people voting for them for a special role; do they deserve a boost up on this next guy? Candidate 2 is rather quiet and doesnt really go out of his way to play the popularity card along people. They just work hard and get their hands dirty and maintain by doing the right thing, they will be granted the right career opportunities which their solely deserve. All other things being equal, in the real world, the truth is Candidate 1 is more likely going to get the job. But is that right? Some organisations actually have policies against nepotism and there are nepotism law cases, but the reality that it is quite pervasive in society today, almost expected. Perhaps you have your job because of nepotism.   Perhaps you were passed over for a job because you didnt know the right people.  Ã‚  Perhaps you dont even know it. Disclosure:  I landed my first job in industry by chance I was qualified and made a good impression and didnt know a single person that worked at my company. I found flyer advertising for an organisation in one of my campus halls senior year and checked it out and it eventually led to a job. In hindsight, that was sheer luck that I happened to come across that specific flier which I needed a job the most. If I hadnt landed a job post-graduation, would I have required someone I knew to hook me up?   I dont know, probably.   Wouldnt you? Case Study #4 -Some years ago I was working with a pleasant, remarkable, young man who had just joined the newspaper from a local rag. He was inexperienced and finding it hard to adjust to the relentless deadlines, but we were happy to help out and answer his questions all day. Three months later, we were informed that he had been made our boss. It didnt make any sense at the time. He was still not able to handle the everyday pressure and was the least on the desk, but he had the job. I found out later that he was related to the editor, which goes a long way to explaining his effortless rise to the top. This was a simple lesson in life. It had nothing to do with my performance or merit and everything to do with the fact that they were related; I simply could not compete on such a level. Ten years later, he has made it and prospered, and had definitely proven his worth. The media industry is common known for such nepotism. Most times parents try to secure internships and even teen columns for their student offspring, while husband and wives seek the best joint ventures they can find. The same incidents can be seen in different circles, organisations, and political lives. On the other hand, I have been coaxing a board of members that is divided over the appointment of a new director who worked with the CEO before his appointment. Even though he is clearly the most talented and experienced member of the board, no one believes he got his job on merit. So is nepotism a good or a bad thing? I take a serious view, believing that we are hard-wired to look after our family and friends. He believes that nepotism has produced both positive and negative results in everything from ancient Chinese clans to Renaissance papal lineages and American families like the Gores, Kennedys, and Bushes. Practised badly, nepotism is embarrassing to everyone, including the individual, but done well it can benefit society as a whole. In business, no one seems sure how to talk about nepotism or discuss it openly as it is a very sensitive subject. But what do you do if you find yourself managing the bosss son? Do you treat them in the same way as everyone else and risk alienating them or annoying your boss? Or do you handle them with kid gloves just in case? Nepotism conflicts fundamentally with basic American values and merit that some companies have instituted formal anti-nepotism policies. But even in organisations that claim not to tolerate nepotism, there are often clear, if not many examples of nepotism. Take Paul Wolfowitz, whose attempts to secure a pay and promotional deal for his partner, Shaha Reza, meant he lost his job at the World Bank. Its interesting to see the cultural bias at work here, too. Nepotism is considered a good thing in Asian and African companies, which are more likely based on family network. In the companies in certain Cities they have traditionally recruited from families within Britains social elite. On a recent BBC radio programme on nepotism, Dr Gillian Evans of Manchester University explained that social and family networks provide a critical safety net for upper middle classes and children who might have failed their exams or fluffed their first job. A well-placed contact could smooth over their failure, find them a job, and restore them to their rightful place in society. This can be very frustrating for those of us who dont have the luxury of a security net, who have to struggle through with grit and hard work. But is there anything we can do besides becoming consumed with envy? Is there anything we could learn for this? I suppose the most positive thing is to start developing a personal network that would work for you. There are three main things to remember. First and more importantly, network yourself to those in power all the time tell them who you are and what you can do so that if the big job comes up, your name will be on their lips all the time. Secondly, build a strong connection with all the influential contacts that you acquired, making sure they like you and care for you on a personal level. Finally, make sure that, if you get the job, you have the skills to make a success of it. You will have far less margin for error than the bosss son. How do you feel about nepotism at work? Have you experienced it in a positive or negative way? Or are you experiencing difficulty because you were the one who got a job through someone you knew? Nepotism and the affects it has on Employee Morale? Why do people prefer having their relatives or friends at their workplace? What do they want to achieve, apart from allowing their relatives or friends to work with them? According to an HR consulting firm, employing relatives or friends saves costs on recruiting and training. It is also believed to help reduce employee turnover since the relatives are highly committed to organization growing. However, most of the time, having a relative in the organization spoils the  morale of employees. What are all the reasons? Read on. When you give a relative a important position or promotion, u naturally bypass an employee with strong merits, and this spoils employee morale as a whole. Employees feel used and overlooked merely because they not specifically related to you and therefore they start looking for other opportunities to join another organisation sooner than they intended to. Employees affected by favouritism see no career opportunities in the organization and in turn lose interest in the companys growth. The level of been committed is lowed and the loyalty and more importantly the sense of ownership are lower since the employees doesnt feel like they are achieving any personal growth. The employees who supervisors the relatives of the employer find it difficult to handle them and take corrective action if necessary. This greatly affects team morale which can lead to a high level of employee attrition. How would you feel if your spouse faced you during an important official meeting? Well, organizations have different opinions on a husband and wife working together. In order to avoid conflicts or workplace stress, some organizations have created policies against both spouses working together for them. A few companies, namely the IT organizations that work with an onshore-offshore model, prefer having both the husband and wife working for them. This allows the organisation send them together to onsite projects. It helps the employers to retain their services on long-term onsite project. Nepotism can cause ill feelings on inequality that employees may react to in one way or another. The first problem you could face is to undermine the favoured workers capabilities and attempt to sabotage her projects. These efforts could result in getting her fired, however, it could result in costly mistakes and loss of time which can then potentially impact customers relations in organisations. The second reaction is an attitude of defeat. If employees assume that promotions and perks will always go to friends of the boss, they will likely less incline to do their best work to show their potential. Resentment and indifferences can lead to the reduction of productivity as well as employee turnover if workers decide that nothing will ever get better. Nepotism Effects On The Organizational Culture? Some employers feel that the level of loyalty, morale, trust and commitment of friends or relatives they hire is higher compared to others in the workplace. Control:  Unfortunately, not all family members and relatives come with the right merit to be employed for a particular position or a role. When the manager is not allowed to control an employee just because she is a relative of an employer, imagine what will happen to the companys discipline. Nepotism allows rules to be broken and can lead to a hectic situation for business owners. Ethics:  When relatives are involved, the companys ethics can get spoiled and even go into ruins. Let us take an example of one of the India-based IT giant. Despite the raise by the board members, its founder went ahead and acquired infrastructure companies owned by his sons. This led the company to lose its share by more than half and the investors to experience a greater loss. Not only was the workplace culture affected, but employee morale was also highly affected. The attrition recorded was very high. Allowing nepotism at any level creates excess damage to the organizations culture. Nepotism at the higher management or leadership level will greatly spoil the company image and growth.   When you start losing the trust of your employees.  The biggest problem which you as an employer will be facing with hiring people from your family is the possibility of your employees losing trust in you. Nepotism becomes a major problem when your employees feel that the relative who was employed isnt qualified for the job, or that someone better was rejected due to the fact that they were not related to the owner of the organisation. If it comes to this than it will be very hard for you to try and earn back the trust of your employees. And if you are unable to get your employees to trust you than for me the only solution is to start over again because without trust any business is doomed. The problem with hiring unfit people for the job.  The second most specific problem with nepotism in the workplace is that you may end up with people that dont have any qualification to suit the job specifications. Dont let your feelings get in the way when it comes to business transactions. Dont hire someone just because you believe he or she is a part of your family. Any business is just about simple math. You need to make sure that the people you hire bring value to your team and they produce a good quality product which you can make a profit of. So feelings have nothing to do with it. If the person you hired is not bringing extra value fire him or her without any regrets. How to lower employee morale.  Nepotism in the workplace will hurt you in the first few weeks no matter how qualified the person you hired is. It is inevitable for employee morale to drop when you hire someone from your family. The employee will immediately make the connection that you are preparing the person you hired for the job you currently ho